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| 榫卯的魅力 |
榫卯的魅力内容简介
- 本书系统介绍了榫卯这一中国古代经典结构方式，以中国科技馆经典主题展览“榫卯的魅力”为基础，围绕展览38件(套)展品，为读者呈现榫卯的发展史和榫卯的应用史。
- 榫卯可追溯至河姆渡遗址干栏式建筑，直到近期在艺术展览上展出的以榫卯为创作核心要素的艺术品，时间跨度大
- 榫卯工艺涵盖中国古代建筑、中式家具、造船造桥等不同领域以及现代各行业生产及人们生活，应用范围广。
- 本书以榫卯应用实例为核心展示内容，图文完美结合，准确展示榫卯蕴含的科学原理
- 通过榫卯展品的实物图、示意图和线条图增强视觉认识，并配以动画视频，生动形象地向公众传播古代科技、传承文化遗产、弘扬工匠精神，引领读者感受榫卯科技经久不衰的魅力
榫卯的魅力作者简介
- 本书编写团队为中国科学技术馆古代科技展览部，专业知识扎实系统，策展经验丰富，具有国际视角。主编张瑶研究员，多年来从事古代科技展览的设计和研发，策展经验丰富，参与多部相关配套图书的编写，熟悉科普写作，出版著作有《中国古代科技之光》《中国古代机械图文集》等。
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雍和宫牌楼
Decorated Gateway of the Yonghe Lama Temple
牌楼是中国古代建筑的一个特殊类别，属于一种纪念性或标志性建筑，多建于宫苑、寺观、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和街道路口等地方，具有表彰、纪念、装饰、标识和导向等作用。
雍和宫是中国规格最高的佛教寺院之一，修建于清康熙三十三年(1694年)，曾经为雍亲王府，雍正三年(1725年)上院被改为行宫，称“雍和宫”，乾隆九年(1744年)改作正式的藏传佛教的寺庙。雍和宫门前有三座木结构牌楼，是乾隆皇帝为其母祝寿而建，牌楼造型优美典雅，气势庄重雄伟。
雍和宫西牌楼模型(1︰15)Model of West Decorated Gateway of the Yonghe Lama Temple(1︰15)
The decorated gate way is a special category of ancient Chinese architecture. As a memorial or landmark building， it was used in ancient China for recognition， commemoration， decoration， marking and guidance. It was mostly built in palaces， temples， tombs， ancestral halls， government offices， and street crossings.
The Yonghe Lama Temple is one of the highest level Buddhist monasteries in China. It was built in the 33th year of Emperor Kangxi’s reign of the Qing Dynasty(1694)， and was the prince’s mansion at that time. In the 3rd year of Emperor Yongzheng’s reign (1725)， it was changed into a traveling palace， called “Yonghe Palace”. In the 9th year of Emperor Qianlong’s reign (1744)， it was officially changed into a Tibetan lama temple. There are three wooden decorated gateways in front of the Yonghe Lama Temple， which were built at the request of Emperor Qianlong for his mother’s birthday. These decorated gateways are elegant and magnificent.
雍和宫西牌楼侧立面图Side Elevation of West Decorated Gatewayof the Yonghe Lama Temple
雍和宫西牌楼正立面图Front Elevation of West Decorated Gateway of the Yonghe Lama Temple
6、 紫禁城角楼
Turret of the Forbidden City
紫禁城角楼坐落在紫禁城城垣四角之上，是拱卫皇城的防御性建筑。角楼初建于明永乐十八年(1420年)，高27.5米，平面呈曲尺形，结构为9梁18柱，屋顶有3层，由多个歇山式结构组成复合式屋顶，覆黄琉璃瓦，共72条屋脊。
角楼各部分比例协调，檐角秀丽，造型玲珑别致，翘起的檐角层层叠叠，蔚为壮观，是中国古代建筑的杰作。
从紫禁城角楼的局部剖面模型中可以看到紫禁城角楼内部的榫卯结构。
The Forbidden City turrets are defensive buildings， located in the four corners of the wall of the Forbidden City. The construction of these turrets was started in the 18th year of Yongle Era of the Ming Dynasty (1420). A turret is a multi-angle building with a four-sided convex plane combination. It is 27.5 meters high， with 9 beams，
1、 columns，
7、 ridges and a complex three-story gablet roof covered by yellow glazed tiles. The design of the turrets is exquisite and well-proportioned， with various spectacular multi-level eave angles， making it a masterpiece of ancient Chinese architecture.
This model is a local profile model of the Forbidden City turret， from which we can see the mortise and tenon structure inside the turret.
紫禁城角楼立面结构图Facade Structure of Turret of the Forbidden City
紫禁城角楼局部剖面模型(1 ︰ 20)Local Profile Model of Turret of the Forbidden City(1 ︰ 20)
二、木构架建筑的三种类型
Three Types of Wooden Framework Construction
1、 抬梁式木构架
Post-and-lintel Wooden Framework
抬梁式木构架主要由柱、梁、檩、枋等基本结构组成，其构建形式是在房基上立柱，柱上架梁，再在梁上重叠数层短柱和梁，自下而上，逐层缩短，逐层加高，至最上层梁上立脊瓜柱，构成一组木构架。
在相邻两组木架间，用横向的枋和檩连接，檩间架椽，构成双坡顶房屋的空间骨架。
抬梁式木构架在春秋时已出现，唐代发展成熟，多用在宫殿、庙宇、寺院等大型建筑以及北方民间建筑中。抬梁式木构架的优点在于室内柱子较少，空间开阔，缺点在于用料量较大，消耗木材较多。
抬梁式木构架模型Model of Post-and-lintel Wooden Framework
Post-and-lintel construction consists of pillars， beams， purlins， tie beams and other basic components. In this structure， pillars are erected on the foundation， beams are set on the pillars， and then several layers of short pillars and beams are overlapped on the beams. From the bottom to the top， as the height increases， the length will be shorter layer by layer. Finally， there is a king post on the top， forming the entire wooden framework. In the spatial framework of the house with double sloping roof， the adjacent two sets of wooden frameworks are connected with transverse tie beams and purlins， and the purlins are connected with rafters. The post-and-lintel wooden framework appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and became maturely developed in the Tang Dynasty. It was widely used in large buildings such as palaces， temples， monasteries and northern folk constructions. The advantages of the post-and-lintel wooden framework lie in fewer indoor pillars and large indoor space， while its disadvantages lie in larger material and wood consumption.
抬梁式木构架结构图Structure of Post-and-lintel Wooden Framework
抬梁式木构架侧立面结构图Side Structure of Post-and-lintelWooden Framework
2、 斗式木构架
Column-and-tie Wooden Framework
穿斗式木构架主要由柱、檩、穿、挑等基本结构组成，其建构形式是沿着房屋的进深方向立柱，每根柱上架一檩，檩上布椽，屋面荷载直接由檩传至柱。每排柱子靠穿透柱身的穿枋横向贯穿起来，形成一榀构架。
每两榀构架之间，用斗枋把柱子串联起来，形成一间房间的空间构架。这种木构架在汉代已经相当成熟，被中国南方民居普遍采用。
穿斗式木构架的优点在于用料量较小，经济实用，缺点在于室内柱子密集，空间不够开阔。
穿斗式木构架模型Model of Column-and-tie Wooden Framework
Column-and-tie Wooden framework consists mainly of columns， purlins， crossbeams and cantilevers. Its construction is to set up columns in the depth’s direction of the house. Each column has a purlin on the top， then rafters are set on the purlins， and the roof load will be transmitted directly from purlins to columns. Each row of the columns is transversely penetrated by the penetrating tie beams， forming a frame. Between every two frameworks， the columns are connected in series with the transverse tie beams， forming a spatial structure of a room. Column-and-tie construction became mature no later than the Han Dynasty， and was widely applied in the dwelling houses in south China. The advantages of the column-and-tie wooden framework lie in fewer material and wood consumption， while its disadvantages lie in more indoor pillars and limited indoor space.
穿斗式木构架结构图Structure of Column-and-tie Wooden Framework
穿斗式木构架侧立面结构图Side Structure of Column-and-tie Wooden Framework
3、 井干式木构架
Log Cabin Wooden Framework
井干式木构架是一种不使用立柱和大梁的房屋结构。
这种结构以圆木或横截面为矩形、六角形的木料平行向上层层叠置，在转角处木料端部交叉咬合，形成房屋四壁，形如古代水井的木围栏，再在左右两侧壁上立矮柱，承脊檩，构成房屋。
商代后期的陵墓内已经使用井干式木椁，最早的井干式房屋则出现于汉代。井干式建筑的特点是墙体除起围护作用外，也起承重作用。
由于木材消耗量大，因此只适合建在木材丰盛的森林地区。
井干式木构架模型Model of Log Cabin Wooden Framework
井干式木构架结构图Structure of Log Cabin Wooden Framework
Log cabin wooden framework is a structure type that uses no columns or beams. This structure is in the form of stacked parallel layers of round wood or logs with rectangular and hexagonal cross-section， with the ends of the wood crossing at the corner to form the four walls of the house. It is shaped like a wooden fence of an ancient well. On the left and right sides of walls， the short columns are placed， supporting ridged tie purlins to form a house. In the late Shang Dynasty， log cabin wooden framework was used to build caskets in the tombs， and the earliest log cabin house didn’t appear until the Han Dynasty. The characteristic of log cabin wooden framework is that the wall plays both load-bearing and protective roles， but due to the large wood consumption， it is only suitable for areas with abundant forest lumber.
三、清式大木构架建筑与它的节点
The Large Wooden Framework Construction in the Qing Dynasty and Its Node Patterns
一个完整的建筑，由梁、枋、檩、椽、柱、板、斗拱等成千上万个组件构成，它们之间彼此的结合点就是一个节点，这些节点是整个建筑构架的重要关节，一旦关节失去联系，大厦即有倾覆之险。
一座木构建筑主要含有四类节点柱下节点、柱头节点、柱身节点和梁檩节点。
A complete construction consists of thousands of components including beams， tie beams， purlins， rafters， columns， boards， dougong， etc. Each joint of those components is a node. These nodes are important joints of the entire architectural framework. Once the joints lose contact， an edifice will be in danger of collapsing. The node patterns of a wooden framework construction are mainly divided into four categories pillar-end node， pillar-head node， pillar-body node and beam-purlin node.
清式大木构建筑与它的节点组合(互动模型和多媒体)The Large Wooden Framework Construction of the Qing Dynasty and Its Node Patterns (Interactive Model and Multimedia)
1、 柱下节点
Pillar-End Node
柱脚部位的各构件相互连接，形成柱下节点。
The various parts of the pillar base connect each other， forming the pillar-end node.
柱下节点示意图Illustration of Pillar-End Node
2、 柱头节点
Pillar-Head Node
柱头节点是建筑构架最主要、最关键的节点。
各方向的荷载都经此节点，传到柱础。
组成这一节点的构件有柱、梁、枋、檩和斗拱等。
The pillar-head node is the most important and critical node of the architectural framework. The load in all directions is transmitted to the plinth through this node. The components that make up this node are pillars， beams， tie beams， purlins， dougong and so on.
柱头节点示意图Illustration of Pillar-Head Node
3、 柱身节点
Pillar-Body Node
柱身节点是柱与梁、枋等构件的榫卯结合点。
The pillar-body node is the mortise and tenon connection point of components such as pillars， beams and tie beams.
柱身节点示意图Illustration of Pillar-Body Node
4、 梁檩节点
Beam-Purlin Node
清代的小式建筑和民居中，桁檩直接搁置在梁头，形成梁檩节点。
In small buildings and residential buildings of the Qing Dynasty， the purlins were directly placed on the beam head to form the beam-purlin node.
梁檩节点示意图Illustration of Beam-Purlin Node
四、中国古代建筑特有的构件——斗拱
A Unique Feature of Ancient Chinese Architecture—Dougong
斗拱是中国古代建筑上特有的、集榫卯技术大成的特殊构件。它是大型建筑物的柱与屋顶之间的过渡部分。
其功用在于将屋顶的重量传递到柱子上，再由柱子传到柱础。斗拱纵横叠交，形成一层斗拱群，可以起到抗震的作用。
斗拱也用于挑出屋顶的屋檐，使得建筑物出檐更加深远，造型更加优美壮观。由于它的构造精巧，造型美观，因此也是很好的装饰性构件。
此外，斗拱还是封建等级制度在建筑上的主要标志之一，唐代以后规定民间建筑不得使用。
斗拱的种类很多，形制复杂。
按使用部位可以分为内檐斗拱、外檐斗拱和平座斗拱。
外檐斗拱又分为柱头科斗拱、角科斗拱和平身科斗拱。
Dougong is a special component which is unique in ancient Chinese architecture and demonstrates the whole set of mortise and tenon technology. It is a transitional part between the column and the roof of a large building. Its function is to transfer the roof load through columns to the plinth. The dougong crisscross in length and width， forming a complex， which has the function of being earthquake-proof. In addition， dougong can extend eaves outward， making the eaves more far-reaching and the building more beautiful and spectacular. Due to its sophisticated design and elegant shape， it is an exquisite decoration in ancient Chinese architecture. Dougong was also one of the main symbols of the feudal hierarchy expressed in architecture. Dougong was not allowed to be used in folk buildings since the Tang Dynasty.
There are many kinds of dougong with complex shapes and construction. According to its usage in the building， it can be divided into inner-eaves dougong， outer-eaves dougong and balcony dougong. The outer-eaves dougong can be divided into pillar-head dougong， eaves-corner dougong and crossbeam dougong.
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